Relationship Between Inflation and Unemployment :: Economics

Inflation and unemployment are two key elements when evaluating a whole economy and it is also easy to get those figures from National Bureau of Statistics when you want to evaluate it. However, the relationship between them is a controversial topic, which has been debated by economists for decades. From some famous economists such as Paul Samuelson, Milton Freidman etc to some infamous economists, this topic received a lot of attention. However, it is this debate that makes the thinking about it evolve. In this essay, the controversial topic will be discussed by viewing different economists’ opinions on that according to time sequencing. But before started, it is worthy getting a better understanding of the terms, inflation and unemployment. Inflation refers to an increase in overall level of prices within an economy. In simple words, it means you have to pay more money to get the same amount of goods or services as you acquired before. By contrast, the term unemployment is easier to understand. Generally, it refers to those people who are available for work but do not find a work. And unemployment rate, which is the percentage of the labour force that is unemployed, is usually used to measure unemployment (Mankiw 1992). The debate of the relationship between inflation and unemployment is mainly based on the famous â€Å"Phillips Curve†. This curve was first discovered by a New Zealand born economist called Allan William Phillips. In 1958, A. W. Phillips published an article â€Å"The relationship between unemployment and the rate of change of money wages in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957†, in which he showed a negative correlation between inflation and unemployment (Phillips 1958). As shown in figure 1, when unemployment rate is low, the inflation rate tends to be high, and when unemployment is high, the inflation rate tends to be low, even to be negative. Figure 1 Phillips Curve Two years later, economists Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, who are the most infusive representatives of Keynesian School, also published an article, showing the same negative correlation between inflation and unemployment, based on the United States’ economic data (Samuelson and Solow 1960).

Deception Point Page 63

â€Å"Obviously, this is devastating for the senator,† the analyst was saying. â€Å"The President and NASA have claimed an incalculable triumph with this discovery. News like this would revitalize the President's campaign regardless of Sexton's position on NASA, but with Sexton's admission today that he would go so far as to abolish NASA funding outright if need be†¦ well, this presidential announcement is a one-two punch from which the senator will not recover.† I was tricked, Sexton said. The White House fucking set me up. The analyst was smiling now. â€Å"All of the credibility NASA has lost with Americans recently has just been restored in spades. There's a real feeling of national pride out there on the streets right now.† â€Å"As there should be. They love Zach Herney, and they were losing faith. You've got to admit, the President was lying down and took some pretty big hits recently, but he's come out of it smelling like a rose.† Sexton thought of the CNN debate that afternoon and hung his head, thinking he might be sick to his stomach. All of the NASA inertia he had so carefully built up over the last months had not only come to a screeching halt, but it had become an anchor around his neck. He looked like a fool. He'd been brazenly played by the White House. He was already dreading all the cartoons in tomorrow's paper. His name would be the punch line to every joke in the country. Obviously, there would be no more quiet SFF campaign funding. Everything had changed. All of the men who had been in his apartment had just seen their dreams go down the toilet. The privatization of space had just struck a brick wall. Taking another hit of cognac, the senator stood up and walked unevenly to his desk. He gazed down at the unhooked phone receiver. Knowing it was an act of masochistic self-flagellation, he slowly replaced the phone receiver in its cradle and began counting the seconds. One†¦ two†¦ The phone rang. He let the machine pick up. â€Å"Senator Sexton, Judy Oliver from CNN. I'd like to give you an opportunity to react to the NASA discovery this evening. Please call me.† She hung up. Sexton started counting again. One†¦ The phone started ringing. He ignored it, letting the machine get it. Another reporter. Holding his bottle of Courvoisier, Sexton wandered toward the sliding door of his balcony. He pulled it aside and stepped out into the cool air. Leaning against the railing, he gazed out across town to the illuminated facade of the White House in the distance. The lights seemed to twinkle gleefully in the wind. Bastards, he thought. For centuries we've been looking for proof of life in the heavens. Now we find it in the same fucking year as my election? This wasn't propitious, this was goddamned clairvoyant. Every apartment window for as far as Sexton could see had a television on. Sexton wondered where Gabrielle Ashe was tonight. This was all her fault. She'd fed him NASA failure after NASA failure. He raised the bottle to take another swig. Goddamned Gabrielle†¦ she's the reason I'm in this so deep. Across town, standing amid the chaos of the ABC production room, Gabrielle Ashe felt numb. The President's announcement had come out of left field, leaving her suspended in a semicatatonic haze. She stood, lock-kneed in the center of the production room floor, staring up at one of the television monitors while pandemonium raged around her. The initial seconds of the announcement had brought dead silence to the newsroom floor. It had lasted only moments before the place erupted into a deafening carnival of scrambling reporters. These people were professionals. They had no time for personal reflection. There would be time for that after the work was done. At the moment, the world wanted to know more, and ABC had to provide it. This story had everything-science, history, political drama-an emotional mother lode. Nobody in the media was sleeping tonight. â€Å"Gabs?† Yolanda's voice was sympathetic. â€Å"Let's get you back into my office before someone realizes who you are and starts grilling you on what this means for Sexton's campaign.† Gabrielle felt herself guided through a haze into Yolanda's glass-walled office. Yolanda sat her down and handed her a glass of water. She tried to force a smile. â€Å"Look on the bright side, Gabs. Your candidate's campaign is fucked, but at least you're not.† â€Å"Thanks. Terrific.† Yolanda's tone turned serious. â€Å"Gabrielle, I know you feel like shit. Your candidate just got hit by a Mack truck, and if you ask me, he's not getting up. At least not in time to turn this thing around. But at least nobody's splashing your picture all over the television. Seriously. This is good news. Herney won't need a sex scandal now. He's looking far too presidential right now to talk sex.† It seemed a small consolation to Gabrielle. â€Å"As for Tench's allegations of Sexton's illegal campaign finance†¦ † Yolanda shook her head. â€Å"I have my doubts. Granted, Herney is serious about no negative campaigning. And granted, a bribery investigation would be bad for the country. But is Herney really so patriotic that he would forgo a chance to crush his opposition, simply to protect national morale? My guess is Tench stretched the truth about Sexton's finances in an effort to scare. She gambled, hoping you'd jump ship and give the President a free sex scandal. And you've got to admit, Gabs, tonight would have been a hell of a night for Sexton's morals to come into question!† Gabrielle nodded vaguely. A sex scandal would have been a one-two punch from which Sexton's career never would have recovered†¦ ever. â€Å"You outlasted her, Gabs. Marjorie Tench went fishing, but you didn't bite. You're home free. There'll be other elections.† Gabrielle nodded vaguely, unsure what to believe anymore. â€Å"You've got to admit,† Yolanda said, â€Å"the White House played Sexton brilliantly-luring him down the NASA path, getting him to commit, coaxing him to put all his eggs in the NASA basket.† Totally my fault, Gabrielle thought. â€Å"And this announcement we just watched, my God, it was genius! The importance of the discovery entirely aside, the production values were brilliant. Live feeds from the Arctic? A Michael Tolland documentary? Good God, how can you compete? Zach Herney nailed it tonight. There's a reason the guy is President.† And will be for another four years†¦ â€Å"I've got to get back to work, Gabs,† Yolanda said. â€Å"You sit right there as long as you want. Get your feet under you.† Yolanda headed out the door. â€Å"Hon, I'll check back in a few minutes.† Alone now, Gabrielle sipped her water, but it tasted foul. Everything did. It's all my fault, she thought, trying to ease her conscience by reminding herself of all the glum NASA press conferences of the past year-the space station setbacks, the postponement of the X-33, all the failed Mars probes, continuous budget bailouts. Gabrielle wondered what she could have done differently. Nothing, she told herself. You did everything right. It had simply backfired. 74 The thundering navy SeaHawk chopper had been scrambled under a covert operation status out of Thule Air Force Base in northern Greenland. It stayed low, out of radar range, as it shot through the gale winds across seventy miles of open sea. Then, executing the bizarre orders they had been given, the pilots fought the wind and brought the craft to a hover above a pre-ordained set of coordinates on the empty ocean. â€Å"Where's the rendezvous?† the copilot yelled, confused. They had been told to bring a chopper with a rescue winch, so he anticipated a search-and-retrieve operation. â€Å"You sure these are the right coordinates?† He scanned the choppy seas with a searchlight, but there was nothing below them except-

Italian Verb Conjugations Ballare

Ballare means  to dance in Italian. Regular  first-conjugation Italian verbTransitive verb (takes a  direct object) or intransitive verb (does not take a  direct object) conjugated with the  auxiliary verb  avere Indicative/Indicativo Presente io ballo tu balli lui, lei, Lei balla noi balliamo voi ballate loro, Loro ballano Imperfetto io ballavo tu ballavi lui, lei, Lei ballava noi ballavamo voi ballavate loro, Loro ballavano Passato Remoto io ballai tu ballasti lui, lei, Lei ball noi ballammo voi ballaste loro, Loro ballarono Futuro Semplice io baller tu ballerai lui, lei, Lei baller noi balleremo voi ballerete loro, Loro balleranno Passato Prossimo io ho ballato tu hai ballato lui, lei, Lei ha ballato noi abbiamo ballato voi avete ballato loro, Loro hanno ballato Trapassato Prossimo io avevo ballato tu avevi ballato lui, lei, Lei aveva ballato noi avevamo ballato voi avevate ballato loro, Loro avevano ballato Trapassato Remoto io ebbi ballato tu avesti ballato lui, lei, Lei ebbe ballato noi avemmo ballato voi aveste ballato loro, Loro ebbero ballato Future Anteriore io avr ballato tu avrai ballato lui, lei, Lei avr ballato noi avremo ballato voi avrete ballato loro, Loro avranno ballato Subjunctive/Congiuntivo Presente io balli tu balli lui, lei, Lei balli noi balliamo voi balliate loro, Loro ballino ​ Imperfetto io ballassi tu ballassi lui, lei, Lei ballasse noi ballassimo voi ballaste loro, Loro ballassero Passato io abbia ballato tu abbia ballato lui, lei, Lei abbia ballato noi abbiamo ballato voi abbiate ballato loro, Loro abbiano ballato Trapassato io avessi ballato tu avessi ballato lui, lei, Lei avesse ballato noi avessimo ballato voi aveste ballato loro, Loro avessero ballato Conditional/Condizionale Presente io ballerei tu balleresti lui, lei, Lei ballerebbe noi balleremmo voi ballereste loro, Loro ballerebbero Passato io avrei ballato tu avresti ballato lui, lei, Lei avrebbe ballato noi avremmo ballato voi avreste ballato loro, Loro avrebbero ballato Imperative/Imperativo Presente balla balli balliamo ballate ballino Infinitive/Infinito Presente ballare Passato avere ballato Participle/Participio Presente ballante Passato ballato Gerund/Gerundio Presente ballando Passato avendo ballato

Writing the term paper

Have you ever started writing one of most important term papers in your semester and got stuck right after turning on the computer? I, guess, most students experience theses feelings at least several times during their school life. This article is to help them to avoid these unpleasant and not very exiting feelings. The process of writing a term paper is complex enough and should be understood properly, before getting started. Lets look at it step by step, in order not to miss important points. The first and one of the most important steps is to choose the subject for your term paper. If the school does not give you the concrete subject it can become a problem, because there is great number of topics all around you, which seems to be suitable enough for writing, but it is very important to choose the BEST one. The word best is a wide concept, so lets see what it includes: first of all the topic of the term paper should be interesting and understandable for you. The second characteristic of the best topic is its narrowness. You have to make sure that the topic is not very wide, because in this case you might lose your focus, and the teacher will not get your point. At the same time, if the topic is too narrow you might find you have nothing to write about. In order to choose the topic, you should read the text book several times very carefully and then choose the question which really interests you and which you want to meditate upon. The term paper requires you to show how you can examine the subject and to prove your point, so go ahead, show what you can! It is helpful when the topic is stated as the question, then you have what to look for! The next step is to choose sources. In order to provide relevant and right information in your term paper, you have to research several sources. It is good to compare the information and write only the facts that you know for sure, then you will definitely have no problem proving your idea to the teacher if the questions will appear. You have to be sure that your sources are not too old (well, of course if the paper does not require using some historical sources). After you have read through ALL your sources organize the ideas in your head. Make it clear for yourself how these ideas should flow in your term paper, one by one. It is good to make notes of your ideas. When writing notes do not forget to notice the sources from which you have taken the ideas. It will help to save time in the future. You will not need to go back to the source to check if it is the one used. When choosing the ideas from the sources, be sure not to misunderstand the writer and not to misinform the audience. You have to include ideas that both support and deny the idea you research in order to open your question as clear as possible. After you are done with your notes, make an outline of your term paper. Organize the notes by topics and put them in the right order. The more detailed will be the outline the easier it will be for you to write the paper. When writing the term paper, follow the outline. Make sure to open all points mentioned in the outline. It is important to fulfill this formula: firstly, say what you want to say; then, at the end, repeat what you have said. This will make the audience to absorb and to understand all the information. The last but not the least is proofreading and revising the paper. When you reread the paper try to look at it critically as if you are a teacher. Make your paper sound good; take away vague and unnecessary words, because they often take away the attention from the other more important things. The term paper requires a lot of serious work try to show the teacher that you have really carefully researched your question and know everything about it. I can tell for sure that if you will follow all the steps described above, you will have no problem writing and defending your term paper.

Merger Of Telecommunications Companies At T And T Mobile

This paper will examine the proposed merger of two telecommunications companies: ATT and T-Mobile. The purpose is to determine whether such a merger would be in the best interest of the telecommunications industry, as well as the consumers served by the industry. In order to adequately understand the environment contemplated by such a merger, this paper will examine the history of antitrust laws in the United States; with particular focus on the monopolies serving as a template for what would happen should the merger occur. Finally, the paper will make an assertion as to the advisedness of such a merger and provide evidence to support that assertion. â€Å"Keep Them Separate† – The ATT/T-Mobile Merger â€Å"When competition exists, consumers win. It drives innovation, investment and economic benefits† (Wheeler, 2016). Scarcely a month ago, Tom Wheeler, the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), made that statement as part of prepared remarks delivered to the Competitive Carriers Association at its convention in Seattle, Washington. Given the mission of the Competitive Carriers Association, one could infer that Chairman Wheeler was, indeed, â€Å"preaching to the choir.† The organization is the special interest group representing regional and national â€Å"competitive wireless carriers and their stakeholders† (Competitive Carriers Association, 2011). The Competitive Carriers Association began with regional, small carriers that have always feared being crushed by the â€Å"bigShow MoreRelatedAtt Swot Analysis Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesATamp;T Wireless: Business Analysis ATamp;T has been a growing company for more than a century. Their mission is to connect people with their world; everywhere they live and work, and do it better than anyone else (ATamp;T website). 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Park, Ph.D., CPA FIN 609A May 4, 2014 The History of Verizon Communications Verizon Communications Inc., was formed by a merger of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp on June 30, 2000. That merger was one of the largest in U.S. business history. Prior to the merger, GTE was one of the largest telecommunications companies with revenues exceeding $25 billion in 1999. 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Sociology of Emotion Free Essays

The sociology of emotions is the article of Katherine Walker from the EBSOHost. The sociology of emotions’ article is based on the study of the  sociology  of  emotions  in which defines  emotions  as socially constructed and culturally variable labels attached to physiological responses to stimuli. Studies have questioned the universality of  emotions, their variation across cultures, rules about feelings and emotional displays, and the necessity of  emotions  to maintaining the social bond. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Emotion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article was a previously researched article, because the author makes references to Sociology scholars that have established themselves in the field of Sociology, like Emile Durkhem and Erving Goffman (by Katherine Walker, 2010) The  sociology  of  emotions  is a relatively new subfield of  sociology, which first gained prominence in the 1970’s. Prior to this time, the field of  sociology  concentrated more on cognition than  emotions, although  emotions  have often remained a subtext in important works. Emotions  were seen as the turf of psychologists and biologists. However, sociologists began to systematically study  emotions because they realized first, that  emotions  are fundamentally social, and second, that  emotions  have always figured as causal mechanisms in sociological theory. Emotions  are of sociological interest because they are a primary human motivation, they help in rational decision-making, and they link the biology of the body with classic sociological (John J. Macoinis, 2009) questions about social construction and social control. Feature Article –  Sociology Test The authors of the article try to make clear the concept of emotion, asking specifically, what is emotion? Which they explained as a sort of phenomenon that goes through the body, or mentally. For example, that thing that people usually have while watching a horror movie, scare or fear, that makes your heart beat faster. Walker step in the concept that people develop their emotion in seven Stages that start from childhood and goes all the way to the stage in which people are able to control their emotions, and learn how to adapt them to the new situation. The article about sociology of emotions provides us many points about the importance of emotion in a society, how our emotions are connected to the society that live, explained that the society plays an important role in people’s emotions, as well as the roles that the same society imposed on people so that they can behave in certain way, and the circumstances in which they may express emotions or feelings. This sociological article is similar to the chapter 6 of our text book, that explain some sociologists scholars theories about the everyday life interaction with emotions, the biological side of emotions, cultural side of emotions, as well as emotions in the work place, and we can observe the society influence in this matter. We can see that this article is a clear collection of information from other famous sociologist scholars, and that the authors of this article have actually written about what she found as more explicit in the sociology field about the subject of emotions, and that makes it different from what we can see from some magazine. References Strayer University EBSCO- Host Academic database: Author Katherine Walker, Ph. D, June 1, 2010, Sociology of Emotions. Introduction to Sociology, by john J. Maccionis, Twelve Edition, 2009 How to cite Sociology of Emotion, Essay examples

Importance of Relations in B2B

Questions: 1.In promoting their services to the Manchester region Peter and Harvey intend employing a sales force. Discuss why you think that this is a suitable way of promoting the business. In addition, analyse the options available to the brothers with regards to organising the sales force. Which method do you believe is the most appropriate? Justify your answer. 2.Both Peter and Harvey have highlighted the importance of relationships in B2B. Discuss to what extent relationship variables and business networks are likely to be important for SPSL when establishing their new office in Manchester. How can the company maintain these relationships in order to develop customer loyalty? 3.Although SPSL operates in the B2B sector, long-term they may also decide to enter the B2C market. Analyse the likely differences between the B2B and B2C part of the business, along with the advantages and disadvantages for SPSL marketing its service to both businesses and consumers. Answers: Introduction: This report will provide importance of sale force for Saxon Plumbing Services London Ltd (SPSL) regarding to its new office in Manchester. The report will analyze importance of sales people for SPSL and how it is beneficial to hire experience sale force for the company. And also discusses the options available to organize sale force. SPSL has good reputation in market and its relationships and business network will help Manchester office to build their customer base and it will be explained in the report. SPSL specializes in commercial plumbing services for businesses located in South London. And have the client of small and medium sized retailers, manufacturers and insurance companies. The report will identify, analyze and evaluate major difference along with the supply chain between business to business and business to consumer sector. 1. Benefits of hiring sale force: As Peter and Harvey developing their new office in Manchester which is their first step towards organizational development they also need to have good promotional campaign at Manchester. With the help of best promotional campaign they get help to establish root of their business at Manchester. It is also important in the context that the company is going to increase offices in different region. Peter and Harvey intended to use sales force for their promotional activities and here we will see benefit of using sale force over other promotional tools. Sale force is important for every company and also has highest rates of turnover. Due to high turnover rates many companies focus on entry level sales people but for being consultant of SPSL I will suggest to employ experiences employees as sales people. Because entry level sales people are not good fit for your company and they may not produce on similar level as experiences employees can. Employing experiences sale force is considered as solid investment for SPSL that will definitely have measurable return for the Manchester office. Below we will see benefit of employing sale force for promoting services and how it is the suitable way of promoting business. Faster on boarding: Due to hiring a competent sale team it can increase awareness of SPSL brand in Manchester in short time period. A competent and experiences sales team can heighten loyalty of company and help to increase revenue of the company (Anderson, James and Narus, James, 2004). It is the responsibility of sale team to create excitement around the products and services their company sells. But it is advisable to hire experiences sales people to reduce worry of sales training process. Where new recruiters need to be trained on everything experienced one only needs to be trained on companys system (Dwyer, Robert, Tanner, John, 2006). It will Saves Companys time spend on training and also streamline the resources spend of recruiting process. Confidence Counts: In addition to generating income the sales force builds trust with customers. Customers being engaged by sales representatives at all stage of relationship, which may not be possible by other promotional tools like media advertising and so on (Greco and John, 2005). Sales executive well known that new customers need interaction and opportunities to learn about the brand. In order to gain trust of current customers consistent follow-up and communication with the sales representative is significant. Previous customers of the company also have to re-engage through promotions, discounts, and communications. Building trust throughout the customer sales cycle increases customer satisfaction. Higher success rates: If company need to minimize the rate of turnover and also want to keep people selling, it is require to have a fully qualified sales team working for company. It really not needed to worry about the close rates with your sales team. The recipe for success is actually quite simple. Experience counts particularly in sales. If a company has efficient sales people the company can overcome objections without being rejected (Hutt, Michael, Speh, Thomas, 2004). The objections sales people think difficult to overcome are when customers refuse the product by saying they cannot afford it or by stating that they want to think before purchasing. With the use of social media company can easily connect to its customers and can promote their sales campaigns and customer can gain information about the company on single click (Morris, Michael, Pitt, Leyland and Honeycutt, Dwight, 2001). Due to the modern technologies market is become more global and accessible from every place and hence it increases competition. SPSL uses B2B marketing currently where competition is influenced through market structure at national level. In B2B marketing there is difference between monopolies in single region of a country and competing on national platform (Kotler, 2010). It simply implies that SPSL can have monopoly in the South London area but other competitors are representing in the European market. In B2C market competition is tougher than B2B because competition is more directed towards the consumer (Reid, David and Plank, Richard, 2004). While marketing services to businesses SPSL have to build its contacts stronger than its competitor. 2. Develop Customer Loyalty: In business marketing organization require to facilitate sales of their product and increase use of services through the people. It is well known that commercial market of plumbing is highly competitive and is also experiencing significant growth (Needham, Dave, 1996). The market is fragmented and is also made up of large number of small and medium sized enterprise having in different services and generally poor reputation. SPSL located in South London region have competition with the local services provider as well as with the companies having national networks. However, SPSL prides itself on its ability to compete with other firms through its excellent customer service and fast emergency response. But in the competitive environment as SPSL started its new office in Manchester it needed to achieve customer loyalty. As we discussed above that the sales force are effective to gain customer base but it is also important to achieve customer loyalty which would be possible only by provid ing best services (Leslie Line 2011). Promotional campaign is also important in this sense because advertisement and strong promotional campaign have strong impact on customer base. The way to strengthen customer loyalty is improving service facility and providing more and more sophisticated services. With the help of best promotional campaign they get help to establish root of their business at Manchester. It is also important in the context that the company is going to increase offices in different region. Peter and Harvey intended to use different ideas for their promotional activities and here we will see benefit of using sale force over other promotional tools. Customer loyalty is important for every company and also has highest rates of turnover. Due to high turnover rates many companies focus on entry level sales people but for being consultant of SPSL I will suggest to employ experiences employees as sales people to gain customer loyalty and retain customers. Now will talk about the procedure usually followed is customer call for plumbing service and operator gets all the information from customer. After that the operators checks plumbers schedule and in form customer the name of plumber coming to provide the service. In Manchester office SPSL has to provide new facilities to its customer like operator have to refer customer to the website where he can check complete information of that plumber along with his picture. Through reading the information about the plumber customer ensures the plumbers background and feels comfortable to assign the plumbing work of their home. 3. B2B versus B2C marketing This part of the report will highlight and analyze most significant difference between B2B and B2C marketing in the context of providing SPSL which require expanding its business under B2C. The obvious difference between B2B and B2C part of business is regarding to its promotions and advertising of SPSLs products and the buying decision of its customers. Business buyers of SPSL purchase their services for use in their companies and hence for them factors of interest are quality of product, its price and other economic aspects. Consumers buy the product and services for their personal use. SPSL has wide range of commercial organization industrial companies and large insurance companies as its client base. SPSL have visions of entering in the B2C sector. Unpremeditated purchasing is the characteristic of B2C markets in contras B2B are more planned and controlled. Marketing Mix: The major difference between B2B and B2C marketing has been commenced at this point along the supply chain with the marketing mix. Goal of the marketing mix is to get success on market concerned and it combine marketing approaches (Lancaster, Geoff; Massingham, Lester; Ashford, Ruth, 2001). The classification of approaches is popularized in four groups which are the four Ps and that are given below: Product It is most significant element of four Ps and makes good service and idea offered by SPSL. Under the context of B2C marketing the packaging, the styling of plumbing product, services provided by SPSL like repair, maintenance are significantly important. The B2C marketing is mostly talked when SPSL will leave the manufacturer and are on their way to the wholesaler. It requires that wholesaler should know whether the plumbing product and services provided by SPSL will find subsequently good outlet disposal to retailer or not. In that context characteristics got extreme importance are packaging and external look. On the other hand B2B marketing it is essential to have sufficient raw material stock and consistent quality. It is also significant for guaranteeing the reliability of final product that is product should be prefabricated along with the supply chain (Dibb, Sally; Simkin, Lyndon; Pride, William, 2005). Price: In the B2C business where SPSL want to enter every consumers buying the product have to pay the same price, where currently in B2B business which SPSL operating price may vary as per the customer. Because in B2B customers placing large orders or the customers negotiated with different term have to pay different price than other customers. In B2C business transaction, after selecting products they will instantly pay for their purchased items through different payment mechanism. B2B has complex business mechanism. Order has been placed and then delivery is arranged through agreed logistic channel. Customer get invoice which is settled in payment term. In B2C markets personal problems like being emotional and rational will occur (Higgins, Robert, 1977). But in B2B business process such problems tend to be more organizational and also rational way. SPSL is B2B organization and hence direct marketing is primarily of interest for distribution. Direct marketing indicates that product is available to customer through producer distribution. B2C organizations execute indirect marketing, which indicates that distribution is carried out through an intermediary. In B2C business product price increases and influences the supply chain by raising products value. Place: Place is associated with the distribution, SPSL is located in South London and will target the large number of client within the South London area through B2B marketing. Marketing mix incorporate two components and those are channel management and logistics management. Channel management operated through the process of operating through the contractual organization and setting up and that include various intermediate like wholesalers, agents, retailers etc. On the other hand logistic management provide products at fixed times and places. Along with the supply chain intermediates also exist and they want payment of their work. This includes suppliers and sub suppliers of raw materials. The raw materials are use for production of SPSLs products. As per the complexity of task and quantity intermediary margin grows. Promotion: For interacting with customers, middlemen and overall population SPSL uses various promotional. Key instrument of promotion is advertising through different media, sales promotion and personal selling. Currently the promotional tools SPSL using are through internet advertising by its website, advertising in local newspaper and significant promotion is word of mouth publicity. Up to now SPSL is working in B2B market but as it want to expand in B2C markets, it should be noted that advertising in B2B and B2C have difference due to larger or smaller markets. In order to increase sale and attract new customer sales promotion is best for both B2B and B2C markets (Bornsen, Korner, Florian, 2011). In B2C market SPSL can use sales promotion as pull promotion campaign. Concerning SPSL in B2C marketing the sales promotion would be performed is more content for the same price. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages for SPSL marketing its services to businesses and Consumer: Advantages: New target customer and market: For well known stages of SPSL life cycle, such as company owners developing new office of company in Manchester and this step is considered as way of significant organizational development. Currently the company has well image and reputation in the south London region. Hence its step of marketing services to business and consumers tends SPSL towards change. New technologies are used through B2B marketing which enables SPSL to increase its customer base and customer can use companys services from most of the regions. It will also impose pressure on buyers that they want to buy the product and services from SPSL due to its good reputation which increase the competitive advantage of buyer and SPSL too. It is important that suppliers have to be evaluated and benchmarked on continuous basis. Some companies evaluate a potential supplier for first few years before starting cooperation with them (Fonseka, Mohan; Tian, Gaoloang, 2011). In terms of B2C marketing, whole supply chain of SPSL wou ld be influenced due to the buying decision of consumer. Can get new target group which increase additional revenue: With the help of using marketing to business i.e. B2B sector SPSL can increase their contact. They can build contact to new target group which enable SPSL to pursue new opportunities of sales. The customers are get attracted by using B2B shop which having public catalog and hence more visitors also attracted with the help of search engines applied in online store. Revenues of SPSL would be expanded and obtained further with the help of advanced cross-selling and up-selling of related or additionally useful services and products. Long term customer loyalty: It is also assumed that customers in B2B services are more loyal than B2C services. Customers at B2B sector have commitment with the company; those customers are committed as supplier by contracts and agreements. This means in marketing to Business Company utilizes lower acquisition costs and can retain the long lasting customer relations. This loyalty and relationship with customer can be long lasted by offering customer oriented services and products. Disadvantages: Competition: Competition is considered as disadvantage for SPSL which is marketing its services in South London region to businesses running there and customers. Today every business faces tough competition from their rivals and same apply for the SPSL. Though SPSL running good business in its region and having good word of mouth publicity and loyal customer base, but it not going to be applied to its new office in Manchester. Due to the modern technologies market is become more global and accessible from every place and hence it increases competition. SPSL uses B2B marketing currently where competition is influenced through market structure at national level. In B2B marketing there is difference between monopolies in single region of a country and competing on national platform. It simply implies that SPSL can have monopoly in the South London area but other competitors are representing in the European market. In B2C market competition is tougher than B2B because competition is more directed tow ards the consumer. While marketing services to businesses SPSL have to build its contacts stronger than its competitor. The middlemen working with SPSL judge the company on various parameters like qualification of plumber, service providing time, availability of services on time and on demand, response at emergency and so on. For marketing to customer SPSL have to be more careful, they have to research the markets and create competitive advantage over its competitor. Long purchase decision time: In marketing to consumers the decision about purchasing have been taken by one or probably two decision makers and time required to confirm the purchase decision is less. In terms of B2B marketing set of factors are complicated as it involves multiple stakeholders in decision making process. The decision time for purchasing may be long for months. While marketing with businesses the sellers cannot depend on fast turnaround with new client. Conclusion: SPSL need to gain competitive advantage on its competitors because not only regional but also companies providing national services are competitors of SPSL. It is good step for SPSL that it opened new office in Manchester for its organizational development. The report provides how the company can use B2B and B2C marketing more effectively to perform well in its targeted market. Also it highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of using these marketing tools. Customer loyalty is key part of any business to become successful and hence report suggesting way to achieve customer loyalty. It also talks about how sale force will help new office at Manchester to attract customer and increase sales. It is beneficial to recruit experienced sales people than inexperienced one because they will increase the companys performance in short time period. The market is fragmented and is also made up of large number of small and medium sized enterprise having in different services and generally poor reputation. SPSL located in South London region have competition with the local services provider as well as with the companies having national networks. However, SPSL prides itself on its ability to compete with other firms through its excellent customer service and fast emergency response. Reference List: Anderson, James C., and Narus, James A. (2004)Business Market Management: Understanding, Creating, and Delivering Value, 2nd Edition, 2004,Pearson Education, Inc. Business Marketing Association (2003) "Marketing Reality Survey" Dwyer, F. Robert, Tanner, John F. (2006)Business Marketing: Connecting Strategy, Relationships, and Learning, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin Greco, John A. Jr., (2005) "Past indicates promising future for b-to-b direct;BtoB magazine, June 13, 2005 Hutt, Michael D., Speh, Thomas W. 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